AMCAT SYLLABUS FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING GRADUATES AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS

Module 1:   Language and Aptitude

English Comprehension

•  Synonyms/Antonyms/Word Meaning (Vocabulary)
• Complete the Sentence (Grammar)
• Spot error/Correct sentence (Grammar/sentence construction)
• Sentence Ordering (Comprehension skills)
• Questions based on passage (Comprehension skills)

Quantitative AbilityLogarithms

• Logarithms
• HCF and LCM, Divisibility
• Power
• Numbers, Decimal Fractions
• Permutations and Combinations, Probability
• Word Problem: Profit, Interest, Inverse

Reasoning and Logical Ability

• Analogy Pattern Recognition
• Classification Pattern Recognition
• Coding Pattern Recognition
• Number Series Pattern Recognition
• Direction sense, Blood relations, CDL
• Puzzles, Logical word sequence
• Selection decision table
• Data sufficiency
• Objective reasoning

 Module 2: Technology Domain Skills

Computer Programming Principles

 ·  Basic Programming: Iteration, recursion, decision-making Compilation    execution, errors, Data types, Complexity

 ·  Data structures: Graph, Hash, Heap, Linked list OOP

 ·  Procedures, functions, Scope

·  Search & sorting, Queue, Sorting, Stacks, Trees

Attention to Detail

• Letter occurrence
• Number set
• Passage inference
• Rules
• Parameters
• Image comparison - visual
• Visual attention to detail

AMCAT Syllabus

Modules

• Finance and Accounting
• Marketing
• Human Resource (HR)
• Financial Services

•  General Principles of Accounting
•  Preparation of final accounts
•  Depreciation
•  Ratio Analysis
•  Cash Book
•  Types of Cost and Revenue

  Investments

• Equity and Markets
• Bonds and Yields
• Mutual Funds
• Derivatives and options

  Banking Products

  Taxation

  Basic Economics

• Individual and Group Behavior
• Organizational Structure and Design
• Industrial Relations and Employment Laws
• Human Resource Planning
• Human Resource Information System
• Strategic HRM
• Training and Development
• Performance Management
• Selection

• Marketing Management
• Marketing Research
• Consumer Behavior
• Marketing Planning and Strategy
• Sales and Distribution Management
• Brand Management
• Advertising Management
• Principles of Economics

Sample Questions

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS:

Sample Questions

All questions are Multiple-Choice-Questions with only one option as the correct answer.

Q1. A 8-bit signed integer has the following range:

a. 0 to 255
b. -128 to 127
c. -255 to 254
d. 0 to 509

Q2. What will be the output of the following code statements?

integer x = 34.54, y = 20, z = -5
print ( y > 50 AND z > 10 or x > 30 )

a. 0
b. 1
c. -1
d. 10

Q3. Pankaj makes a program to print the product of cubes of the first 10 whole numbers. She writes the following program:

integer x = 0 // statement 1
integer sum = 0 // statement 2
while ( x < 10 ) // statement 3
{
  sum = x*x*x // statement 4
  x = x + 1 // statement 5
}  
print sum // statement 6

Is her program correct? If not, which statement will you modify to correct it?

a. No error, the program is correct.
b. Statement 1
c. Statement 4
d. statement 6

Q4. I have a problem to solve which takes as input a number n. The problem has a property that given the solution for (n-1), I can easily solve the problem for n. Which programming technique will I use to solve such a problem?

a. Iteration
b. Decision-making
c. Object Oriented Programming
d. Recursion

Q5. Given:

integer x = 40, y = 35, z = 20, w = 10

Comment about the output of the following two statements:

print x * y / z - w
print x * y / (z - w)

a. Differ by 80
b. Same
c. Differ by 50
d. Differ by 160

Q6. Data and function in which area of a class are directly accessible outside the class?

a. Public
b. Private
c. Protected
d. None of these

Q7. Here is an infix notation: ((A+B)*C-(D-E))^(F+G) Choose the correct postfix notation of the above from the given options.

a. AB+CD*E--FG+^
b. AB+C*DE--FG+^
c. AB+C*DE-FG-+^
d. A+BC*DE-FG-+^

Q8. If the depth of a tree is 3 levels, then what is the size of the Tree?

a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8

Q9. One of the following options is a form of access used to add and remove nodes from a queue.

a. LIFO
b. FIFO
c. Both LIFO and FIFO
d. None of these

Q10. What is the time complexity of adding three matrices of size NXN cell-by-cell?

a. O(N)
b. O(N^2)
c. O(N^3)
d. None of these

English Comprehension

All questions are Multiple-Choice-Questions with only one option as the correct answer.

In the following question select the word which is OPPOSITE in the meaning of the given word.

Q1. INDISCREET

a. reliable
b. honest
c. prudent
d. stupid


Q2. SOLICITUDE

a. insouciance
b. ingenuity
c. propriety
d. austerity

Q3. In the sentence there is a bold word or phrase. One of the words or phrases given in the options conveys almost the same meaning as the bold word or phrase in the sentence. Select that option which is nearest in meaning.

It is preposterous on your part to look for a job without first completing your education.

a. Wise
b. Imperative
c. Advisable
d. Most admirable
e. Very absurd

In the following questiones, fill in the blank space.

Q4. The success that he has gained, though striking enough, does not, however, commensurate . . . . the efforts made by him.

a. About
b. From
c. With
d. Beside
e. Over

Q5. Vinod took his meals after he . . . .

a. Had completed his work
b. Had been completing his work
c. Was completing his work
d. Had been completed his work
e. Had got completed his work

In the following questions, select the word or phrase that is similar in meaning to the given word.

Q6. Nonchalance

a. Neutrality
b. Indifference
c. All-knowing
d. Ignorance
e. Untimeliness

Q7. Conceal

a. Hide
b. Seal
c. Ceiling
d. Horrifying

Q8. Read the sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The letter of that part is the answer. If there is no error, the answer is 'D'. (Ignore - the errors of punctuation,if any)

(A) The whole thing moves/ (B) around the concept of building a small dynamic/(C) organisation into a larger one./(D) No error.

a. (A)
b. (B)
c. (C )
d. (D)

Q9. In the question a part of the sentence is italicised. Alternatives to the italicised part is given which may improve the sentence. Choose the correct alternative. In case no improvement is needed. Option 'D' is the answer.

She gave most of her time to music.

a. spent
b. lent
c. devoted
d. No improvement

Q10. The given sentences when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labelled with a number. Choose the most logical order of sentences from among the four given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.

1. He was so busy with them that he did not get time to eat. 2. Thousands of people came to him and asked different types of questions. 3. No one cared to see that he had his food or rest that night. 4. Swami Vivekanand once stayed in a small village.

a. 2341
b. 3214
c. 4213
d. 4231

Answer the question based on the given passage

Management is a set of processes that can keep a complicated system of people and technology running smoothly. The most important aspects of management include planning, budgeting, organising, staffing, controlling, and problem-solving. Leadership is a set of processes that creates organisations in the first place or adapts them to significantly changing circumstances. Leadership defines what the future should look like, aligns people with that vision, and inspires them to make it happen despite the obstacles. This distinction is absolutely crucial for our purposes here: Successful transformation is 70 to 90 per cent leadership and only 10 to 30 percent management. Yet for historical reasons, many organisations today don't have much leadership. And almost everyone thinks about the problem here as one of managing change. For most of this country, as we created thousands and thousands of large organisations for the first time in human history, we didn't have enough good managers to keep all those bureaucracies functioning. So many companies and universities developed management programs and hundreds and thousands of people were encouraged to learn management on the job. And they did. But, people were taught little about leadership. To some degree, management was emphasised because it's easier to teach than leadership. But even more so, management was the main item on the twentieth-century agenda because that's what was needed. For every entrepreneur or business builder who was a leader, we needed hundreds of managers to run their ever-growing enterprises. Unfortunately for us today, this emphasis on management has often been institutionalised in corporate cultures that discourage employees from learning how to lead. Ironically, past success is usually the key ingredient in producing this outcome. The syndrome, as I have observed it on many occasions, goes like this: success creates some degree of marked dominance which in turn produces much growth. After a while keeping the ever-larger organisation under control becomes the primary challenge. So attention turns inward and managerial competencies are nurtured. With a strong emphasis on management but not leadership, bureaucracy and an inward focus takeover. But with continued success, the result mostly of market dominance, the problem often goes unaddressed and an unhealthy arrogance begins to evolve. All of these characteristics then make any transformation effort much more difficult. Arrogant managers can over-evaluate their current performance and competitive position, listen poorly and learn slowly. Inwardly focused employees can have difficulty seeing the very forces that present threats and opportunities. Bureaucratic cultures can smother those who want to respond to shifting conditions. And the lack of leadership leaves no force inside these organisations to break out of the morass.

Q11. Why did companies and universities develop programmes to prepare managers in such a large number?

a. (A) Companies and universities wanted to generate funds through these programmes
b. (B) The large number of organisations were created as they needed managers in good number
c. (C) Organisations did not want to spend their scarce resources in training managers
d. (D) Organisations wanted to create communication network through trained managers

Q12. How has the author defined management?

a. It is the process of adapting organisations to changing circumstances.
b. It is the system of aligning people with the direction it has taken.
c. It refers to creating a vision to help direct the change effectively.
d. Creating better performance through customer orientation.

Q13. What is the historical reason for many organisations not having leadership?

a. A view that leaders are born, they are not made
b. Leaders lack managerial skills and organisations need managers
c. Leaders are weak in carrying out traditional functions of management
d. Leaders allow too much complacency in organisations

Q14. Which of the following characteristics help organisations in their transformation efforts?

a. Emphasis on leadership but not management
b. A strong and dogmatic culture
c. Bureaucratic and inward looking approach
d. Failing to acknowledge the value of customers and shareholders

Q15. Which of the following is similar in meaning of the word 'smother' as used in the passage?

a. Suppress
b. Encourage
c. Instigate
d. Criticise

QUANTITATIVE ABILITY: Sample Questions

All questions are Multiple-Choice-Questions with only one option as the correct answer.

Q1. In a kilometre race, if A gives B a 40 m start, A wins by 19 s. But if A gives B a 30 s start, B wins by 40 m. Find the time taken by B to run 5,000 m?

a. 150 s
b. 450 s
c. 750 s
d. 825 s

Q2. Pipe A takes 16 min to fill a tank. Pipes B and C, whose cross-sectional circumferences are in the ratio 2:3, fill another tank twice as big as the first. If A has a cross-sectional circumference that is one-third of C, how long will it take for B and C to fill the second tank? (Assume the rate at which water flows through a unit cross-sectional area is same for all the three pipes.)

a. 66/13
b. 40/13
c. 16/13
d. 32/13

Q3. Three consecutive whole numbers are such that the square of the middle number is greater than the product of the other two by 1. Find the middle number.

a. 6
b. 18
c. 12
d. All of these

Q4. The arithmetic mean of 2 numbers is 34 and their geometric mean is 16. One of the numbers will be

a. 4
b. 16
c. 18
d. 12

Q5. If x% of a is the same as y% of b, then z% of b is :

a. (xy/z)% of a
b. (yz/x)% of a
c. (xz/y)% of a
d. None of these

Q6. The letters of the word WOMAN are written in all possible orders and these words are written out as in a dictionary ,then the rank of the word 'WOMAN' is

a. 117
b. 120
c. 118
d. 119

Q7. What least number must be subtracted from 9400 to get a number exactly divisible by 65?

a. 40
b. 20
c. 80
d. none of these

Q8. If 2505 / 0.5 = 5010 then 25.05 / 0.5 = ?

a. 5.010
b. 50.10
c. 501.0
d. None of these

Q9. Which pair of rational numbers lie between 1/5 and 2/5 -

a. 262/1000, 275/1000
b. 362/1000, 562/1000
c. 451/1000, 552/1000
d. 121/1000,131/1000

Q10. What is the value of the following expression: 2 log₁₀ 5 + log₁₀ 4 ?

a. 2
b. 2.5
c. 3
d. None of these

Q11. If x increases linearly, how will a^-x behave (a>1) ?

a. Increase linearly
b. Decrease linearly
c. Increase exponentially
d. Decrease exponentially

Q12. What is the probability of getting the sum 5 in two throws of the dice?

a. 1/12
b. 1/5
c. 1/9
d. None of these

LOGICAL ABILITY: Sample Questions

All questions are Multiple-Choice-Questions with only one option as the correct answer.

Q1. The question shows a pair of words in which the first is related to the second in some way. It is followed by a single word which bears a similar relation to one of the given alternatives. Find the correct alternative to complete the analogy.

Melt:Liquid::Freeze: ?

a. Ice
b. Condense
c. Solid
d. Crystal

Q2. Fill in the blankGuilt is to Past as Hope is to ......

a. Present
b. Future
c. Today
d. Despair
e. Hopeless

Q3. From the given choices select the odd man out:

a. Bird
b. Kite
c. Crow
d. Pigeon
e. Sparrow

Q4. Find the missing pattern

BOQD : ERTG :: ANPC : ?

a. DQSF
b. FSHU
c. SHFU
d. DSQF

Q5. Find the missing number

5 : 24 :: 8 : ?

a. 65
b. 63
c. 62
d. 64

Q6. From the given choices select the odd man out

a. DFHEG
b. TWXUV
c. OQSPR
d. JLNKM


Q7. If HARD is coded as 1357 and SOFT is coded as 2468, what will 21448 stand for?

a. SHAFT
b. SHORT
c. SHOOT
d. SHART

Q8. Find the next number in the series

1, 6, 13, 22, 33, ......

a. 44
b. 45
c. 46
d. 47

Q9. The question contains some statements followed by some conclusions. Decide which of the given conclusions logically follow from the given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.

Statements:
I) All tomatoes are red.
II) All grapes are tomatoes.
Conclusions:
I) All grapes are red.
II) Some Tomatoes are grapes.

a. Only conclusion I follows.
b. Only conclusion II follows.
c. Neither I nor II follows
d. Both I and II follow.
e. Either I or II follows


Q9. Old woman's son is my daughter's uncle, then what relation has the old woman to me ?

a. Sister
b. Mother
c. Grandmother
d. Mother - in - law

Q10. Ramu was facing East.He walked 4 km forward and then after turning to his right walked 6 km. Again he turned to his right and walked 7 km. After this he turned back.Which direction was he facing at the time?

a. East
b. North
c. South
d. West
e. North-East


Q11. Raman is not wearing purple and Aman is not wearing black.Raman and Sahil wear different colours.Avinash alone wears green.What is Sahil's colour, if all four of them are wearing different colours.

a. Green
b. Black
c. Purple
d. Can't Say

Q12. The question is followed by two arguments numbered I and II. You have to decide which of the arguments is a strong argument and which is a weak argument.

Statement :
Should a total ban be put on trapping wild animals?
Arguments :
I. Yes, Trappers are making a lot of money.
II. No, bans on hunting and trapping are not effective.

a. Only argument I is strong.
b. Only argument II is strong.
c. Either I or II is strong.
d. Neither I nor II is strong.
e. Both I and II are strong

Q13. The question contains a statement followed by two Assumptions I and II. Find out which assumption(s) is implicit.

Statements:
Vitamin E tablets improve circulation, keep your complexion in glowing condition.
Assumptions :
I. People like glowing complexion.
II. Complexion becomes dull in the absence of circulation.

a. Only assumption I is implicit
b. Only assumption II is implicit
c. Both assumption I and II are implicit.
d. Neither assumption I nor II is implicit

Q14. Study the statement(s) and the conclusions and select the correct option.

Statement :
No country is absolutely self - dependent these days.
Conclusions :
I. It is imposible to grow and produce all that a country needs.
II. Countrymen in general have become lazy.

a. Only Conclusion I follows
b. Only Conclusion II follows
c. Both the conclusion I and II follow
d. Either conclusion I or II follows
e. Neither conclusion I nor II follows

Q15. In the question a statement is followed by some courses of action . A course of action is a step or administrative decisions to be taken for improvement, follow-up, or further action in regard to the problem, policy, etc.You have to assume everything in the statement to be true and then decide which of the given suggested course(s) of action logically follows for pursuing.

Statement:
'The World Bank has approved a $ 300 million loan to finance a project to construct coal ports by Madras Port Trusts.
Courses of Action :
I. India should take financial help from other international financial institutions to develop such ports in other places.
II. India should not seek any help from the international financial institutions.

a. Only I follows
b. Only II follows
c. Either I or II follows
d. Neither I nor II follows
e. Both I and II follow.

•  
•  
• HCF and LCM, Divisibility
• Power
• Numbers, Decimal Fractions
• Permutations and Combinations, Probability
• Word Problem: Profit, Interest, Inverse

• Analogy Pattern Recognition
• Classification Pattern Recognition
• Coding Pattern Recognition
• Number Series Pattern Recognition
• Direction sense, Blood relations, CDL
• Puzzles, Logical word sequence
• Selection decision table
• Data sufficiency
• Objective reasoning

5 th June ......World Environment Day - Please Save This Beautiful nature

WORLD  ENVIRONMENT  DAY  .......  Please save trees and save life which is only way human being is going to survive in earth ..... Give Respect to nature  take life from nature ........                

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING Mtech PGCET Syllabus

Engineering Mathematics: Mathematical Logic: Propositional Logic, First Order Logic.

Probability: Conditional Probability, Mean, Median, Mode and Standard Deviation, Random Variables; Distributions; uniform, normal, exponential, Poisson, Binomial.

Set Theory & Algebra: Sets; Relations, Functions; Groups; Partial Orders; Lattice; Boolean algebra.

Combinatorics: Permutations; Combinations; Counting; Summation; generating functions; recurrence relations; asymptotic.

Data Structures and Algorithms : Notion of abstract data types, Stack, Queue, List, Set, String, Tree, Binary search tree, Heap, Graph;

Tree and graph traversals, connected components, Spanning trees, shortest paths; Hashing, Sorting, Searching; Design techniques (Greedy, Dynamic Programming, Divide-and-conquer);

Asymptotic analysis (best, worst, average case) of time and space, Upper and Lower bounds on the complexity of specific problems, NP-completeness.

Logic Design and Computer Organization : Logic functions, Minimization, Design and synthesis of Combinational and Sequential circuits; Number representation and Computer Arithmetic (fixed and floating point); Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU and Data-path, hardwired and micro-programmed control, memory interface, I/O interface (Interrupt and DMA mode), Serial communication interface, Instruction pipelining, Cache main and secondary storage.

Formal Languages and Automata Theory : Regular languages and finite automata, Context free languages and Push-down automata, Recursively enumerable sets and Turing machines, Un-decidability;

System software : Lexical analysis, Parsing, Syntax directed translation, Runtime environment, Code generation, linking (static and dynamic);

Operating Systems : Classical concepts (concurrency, synchronization, deadlock), Processes, threads and Inter-process communication, CPU scheduling, Memory management, File systems, I/O systems, Protection and security.

Databases : Relational model (ER-model, relational algebra, tuple calculus), Database design (integrity constraints, normal forms), Query languages (SQL), File structures (sequential files, indexing, B+ trees), Transactions and concurrency control;

Computer networks : ISO / OSI stack, Data encoding and transmission, data link control, sliding window protocols, LAN architecture, LAN systems, Ethernet, Token ring, routing protocols, Packet switching, Network devices - switches, gateways, TCP / UDP, application layer protocols and systems (http, smtp, dns, ftp), network security.

Web technologies : Three tier web based architectures; JSP, ASP, J2EE, .NEET systems; html, XML

young mind

A young man was getting ready to graduate college. For many months he had admired a beautiful sports car in a dealer's showroom, and knowing his father could well afford it, he told him that was all he wanted. 
As Graduation Day approached, the young man awaited signs that his father had purchased the car. Finally, on the morning  of his graduation his father called him into his private study. His father told him how proud he was to have such a fine son, and  told him how much he loved him. He handed his son a beautiful wrapped gift box. 
Curious, but somewhat disappointed the young man opened the box and found a lovely, leather-bound Bible. Angrily, he raised his voice at his father and said, "With all your money you give  me  a Bible?" and stormed out of the house, leaving the holy book. Many years passed and the young man was very successful in business. 
    

He had a beautiful home and wonderful family, but realized his father was very old, and thought perhaps he should go to him. He had not seen him since that graduation day. Before he could make arrangements, he received a telegram telling him his father had passed away, and willed all of his possessions to his son. He needed   to come home immediately and take care things. When he arrived at his father's house, sudden sadness and regret filled his heart. 
He began to search his father's important papers and saw the still new Bible, just as he had left it years ago. With tears, he opened the Bible and began to turn the pages. As he read those   words, a car key dropped from an envelope taped behind the Bible.

It  had a tag with the dealer's name, the same dealer who had the sports  car he had desired. On the tag was the date of his graduation

and the words...PAID IN FULL. 
How many times do we miss God's blessings because they are not packaged as we expected?

Question on oracle and sql

How to display ename, dname even if there no employees working in a
particular department(use outer join). (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer
Select ename, dname from emp e, dept d where e.deptno (+)=
d.deptno;

Question How to display employee name and his manager name. (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer Select e.ename, m.ename from emp e, emp m where e.mgr=m.empno;

Question
How to display the department name along with total salary in each
department. (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer Select deptno, sum(sal) from emp group by deptno;

Question How to display the department name and total number of employees in
each department. (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer select deptno,count(*) from emp group by deptno;

Question How to display the current date and time (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer select to_char(sysdate,'month mon dd yy yyyy hh:mi:ss') from dual;

Question How to delete the rows of employees who are working in the company for
more than 2 years. (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer delete from emp where floor(sysdate-hiredate)>2*365;

Question
How to provide a commission to employees who are not earning any
commission. (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer update emp set comm=300 where comm is null;

Question Write a query, If any employee has commission his commission should be
incremented by 10% of his salary. (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer update emp set comm=comm*10/100 where comm is not null;

Question
How to display employee name and department name for each employee.
(Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer select ename,dname from emp e, dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno;

Question How to display employee number, name and location of the department
in which he is working. (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer Select empno, ename, loc from emp e, dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno;

Question
I want to give a validation saying that sal cannot be greater 10,000(note
give a name to this column). How to do this? (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer alter table emp add constraint emp_sal_check check (sal<10000);

Question
How to add column called as mgr to your emp table. This column should
be related to empno. Give a
command to add this constraint (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer
Alter table emp add mgr number (5);
Alter table emp add constraint emp_mgr foreign key (empno);

Question
How to add dept no column to your emp table. This dept no column
should be related to deptno column of
dept table (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer
Alter table emp add deptno number (3);
Alter table emp1 add constraint emp1_deptno foreign key(deptno)
references dept(deptno);

Question
How to create table called as new emp. Using single command create this
table as well as to get data
into this table (use create table as) (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer create table newemp as select *from emp;

Question How to create table called as newemp. This table should contain only
empno,ename, dname (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer create table newemp as select empno,ename,dname from emp e , dept d
where e.deptno=d.deptno;

Question How to create table emp with only one column empno (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer Create table emp (empno number(5));

Question How to add this column to emp table ename Varchar(20). (Oracle
DB) (SQL)
Answer alter table emp add ename varchar2(20) not null;

Question
How to add primary key constraint after the table has been created?
(Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer alter table emp add constraint emp_empno primary key (empno);

Question How to increase the length of ename column to 30 characters. (Oracle
DB) (SQL)
Answer alter table emp modify ename varchar2(30);

Question How to add salary column to emp table. (Oracle DB) (SQL)
Answer alter table emp add sal number(7,2);

java

1. What is the difference between procedural and object-oriented programs?-l

 a) In procedural program, programming logic follows certain procedures and the instructions are executed one after another. In OOP program, unit of program is object, which is nothing but combination of data and code. b) In procedural program, data is exposed to the whole program whereas in OOPs program, it is accessible with in the object and which in turn assures the security of the code.

Ø      What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism?-

Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code and data it manipulates and keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse. Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object. Polymorphism is the feature that allows one interface to be used for general class actions.

Ø      What is the difference between Assignment and Initialization?-

Assignment can be done as many times as desired whereas initialization can be done only once.

Ø      What is OOPs?-

Object oriented programming organizes a program around its data, i. e. , objects and a set of well-defined interfaces to that data. An object-oriented program can be characterized as data controlling access to code.

Ø      What are Class, Constructor and Primitive data types?-

Class is a template for multiple objects with similar features and it is a blue print for objects. It defines a type of object according to the data the object can hold and the operations the object can perform. Constructor is a special kind of method that determines how an object is initialized when created. Primitive data types are 8 types and they are: byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean, char.

Ø      What is an Object and how do you allocate memory to it?-

Object is an instance of a class and it is a software unit that combines a structured set of data with a set of operations for inspecting and manipulating that data. When an object is created using new operator, memory is allocated to it.

Ø      What is the difference between constructor and method?-

Constructor will be automatically invoked when an object is created whereas method has to be called explicitly.

Ø      What are methods and how are they defined?-

Methods are functions that operate on instances of classes in which they are defined. Objects can communicate with each other using methods and can call methods in other classes. Method definition has four parts. They are name of the method, type of object or primitive type the method returns, a list of parameters and the body of the method. A method’s signature is a combination of the first three parts mentioned above.

Ø      What is the use of bin and lib in JDK?-

Bin contains all tools such as javac, appletviewer, awt tool, etc., whereas lib contains API and all packages.

Ø      What is casting?-

Casting is used to convert the value of one type to another.

Ø      How many ways can an argument be passed to a subroutine and explain them?-

An argument can be passed in two ways. They are passing by value and passing by reference. Passing by value: This method copies the value of an argument into the formal parameter of the subroutine. Passing by reference: In this method, a reference to an argument (not the value of the argument) is passed to the parameter.







Ø      What is the difference between an argument and a parameter?-

While defining method, variables passed in the method are called parameters. While using those methods, values passed to those variables are called arguments.

Ø      What are different types of access modifiers?-

public: Any thing declared as public can be accessed from anywhere. private: Any thing declared as private can’t be seen outside of its class. protected: Any thing declared as protected can be accessed by classes in the same package and subclasses in the other packages. default modifier : Can be accessed only to classes in the same package.

Ø      What is final, finalize() and finally?-

final : final keyword can be used for class, method and variables. A final class cannot be subclassed and it prevents other programmers from subclassing a secure class to invoke insecure methods. A final method can’t be overridden. A final variable can’t change from its initialized value. finalize() : finalize() method is used just before an object is destroyed and can be called just prior to garbage collection. finally : finally, a key word used in exception handling, creates a block of code that will be executed after a try/catch block has completed and before the code following the try/catch block. The finally block will execute whether or not an exception is thrown. For example, if a method opens a file upon exit, then you will not want the code that closes the file to be bypassed by the exception-handling mechanism. This finally keyword is designed to address this contingency.

Ø      What is UNICODE?-

Unicode is used for internal representation of characters and strings and it uses 16 bits to represent each other.





Ø      What is Garbage Collection and how to call it explicitly?-

When an object is no longer referred to by any variable, java automatically reclaims memory used by that object. This is known as garbage collection. System. gc() method may be used to call it explicitly.

Ø      What is finalize() method?-

finalize () method is used just before an object is destroyed and can be called just prior to garbage collection.

Ø      What are Transient and Volatile Modifiers?-

Transient: The transient modifier applies to variables only and it is not stored as part of its object’s Persistent state. Transient variables are not serialized. Volatile: Volatile modifier applies to variables only and it tells the compiler that the variable modified by volatile can be changed unexpectedly by other parts of the program.

Ø      What is method overloading & method overriding?-

Method overloading: When a method in a class having the same method name with different arguments is said to be method overloading. Method overriding : When a method in a class having the same method name with same arguments is said to be method overriding.

Ø      What is diff. between overloading & overriding?-

a)    In overloading, there is a relationship between methods available in the same class whereas in overriding, there is relationship between a superclass method and subclass method. b) Overloading does not block inheritance from the superclass whereas overriding blocks inheritance from the superclass. c) In overloading, separate methods share the same name whereas in overriding, subclass method replaces the superclass. d) Overloading must have different method signatures whereas overriding must have same signature.







Ø      What is meant by Inheritance and what are its advantages?-

Inheritance is the process of inheriting all the features from a class. The advantages of inheritance are reusability of code and accessibility of variables and methods of the super class by subclasses.

Ø      What is the difference between this() and super()?-

this() can be used to invoke a constructor of the same class whereas super() can be used to invoke a super class constructor.



Ø      What is the difference between superclass and subclass?-

A super class is a class that is inherited whereas sub class is a class that does the inheriting.

Ø      What modifiers may be used with top-level class?-

public, abstract and final can be used for top-level class.

Ø      What are inner class and anonymous class?-

Inner class : classes defined in other classes, including those defined in methods are called inner classes. An inner class can have any accessibility including private. Anonymous class : Anonymous class is a class defined inside a method without a name and is instantiated and declared in the same place and cannot have explicit constructors.

Ø      What is a package?-

A package is a collection of classes and interfaces that provides a high-level layer of access protection and name space management.

Ø      What is a reflection package?-

java. lang. reflect package has the ability to analyze itself in runtime.





Ø      What is interface and its use?-

Interface is similar to a class which may contain method’s signature only but not bodies and it is a formal set of method and constant declarations that must be defined by the class that implements it. Interfaces are useful for: a)Declaring methods that one or more classes are expected to implement b)Capturing similarities between unrelated classes without forcing a class relationship. c)Determining an object’s programming interface without revealing the actual body of the class.

Ø      What is an abstract class?-

An abstract class is a class designed with implementation gaps for subclasses to fill in and is deliberately incomplete.

Ø      What is the difference between Integer and int?-

a) Integer is a class defined in the java. lang package, whereas int is a primitive data type defined in the Java language itself. Java does not automatically convert from one to the other. b) Integer can be used as an argument for a method that requires an object, whereas int can be used for calculations.

Ø      What is a cloneable interface and how many methods does it contain?-

It is not having any method because it is a TAGGED or MARKER interface.

Ø      What is the difference between abstract class and interface?-

a)    All the methods declared inside an interface are abstract whereas abstract class must have at least one abstract method and others may be concrete or abstract. b) In abstract class, key word abstract must be used for the methods whereas interface we need not use that keyword for the methods. c) Abstract class must have subclasses whereas interface can’t have subclasses.







Ø      Can you have an inner class inside a method and what variables can you access?-

Yes, we can have an inner class inside a method and final variables can be accessed.

Ø      What is the difference between String and String Buffer?-

a) String objects are constants and immutable whereas StringBuffer objects are not. b) String class supports constant strings whereas StringBuffer class supports growable and modifiable strings.

Ø      What is the difference between Array and vector?-

Array is a set of related data type and static whereas vector is a growable array of objects and dynamic.

Ø      What is the difference between exception and error?-

The exception class defines mild error conditions that your program encounters. Exceptions can occur when trying to open the file, which does not exist, the network connection is disrupted, operands being manipulated are out of prescribed ranges, the class file you are interested in loading is missing. The error class defines serious error conditions that you should not attempt to recover from. In most cases it is advisable to let the program terminate when such an error is encountered.

Ø      What is the difference between process and thread?-

Process is a program in execution whereas thread is a separate path of execution in a program.

Ø      What is multithreading and what are the methods for inter-thread communication and what is the class in which these methods are defined?-

Multithreading is the mechanism in which more than one thread run independent of each other within the process. wait (), notify () and notifyAll() methods can be used for inter-thread communication and these methods are in Object class. wait() : When a thread executes a call to wait() method, it surrenders the object lock and enters into a waiting state. notify() or notifyAll() : To remove a thread from the waiting state, some other thread must make a call to notify() or notifyAll() method on the same object.

Ø      What is the class and interface in java to create thread and which is the most advantageous method?-

Thread class and Runnable interface can be used to create threads and using Runnable interface is the most advantageous method to create threads because we need not extend thread class here.

Ø      What are the states associated in the thread?-

Thread contains ready, running, waiting and dead states.

Ø      What is synchronization?-

Synchronization is the mechanism that ensures that only one thread is accessed the resources at a time.

Ø      When you will synchronize a piece of your code?-

When you expect your code will be accessed by different threads and these threads may change a particular data causing data corruption.

Ø      What is deadlock?-

When two threads are waiting each other and can’t precede the program is said to be deadlock.

Ø      What is daemon thread and which method is used to create the daemon thread?-

Daemon thread is a low priority thread which runs intermittently in the back ground doing the garbage collection operation for the java runtime system. setDaemon method is used to create a daemon thread.

Ø      Are there any global variables in Java, which can be accessed by other part of your program?-

No, it is not the main method in which you define variables. Global variables is not possible because concept of encapsulation is eliminated here.

Ø      What is an applet?-

Applet is a dynamic and interactive program that runs inside a web page displayed by a java capable browser.

Ø      What is the difference between applications and applets?-

a)Application must be run on local machine whereas applet needs no explicit installation on local machine. b)Application must be run explicitly within a java-compatible virtual machine whereas applet loads and runs itself automatically in a java-enabled browser. d)Application starts execution with its main method whereas applet starts execution with its init method. e)Application can run with or without graphical user interface whereas applet must run within a graphical user interface.

Ø      How does applet recognize the height and width?-

Using getParameters() method.

Ø      When do you use codebase in applet?-

When the applet class file is not in the same directory, codebase is used.

Ø      What is the lifecycle of an applet?-

init() method - Can be called when an applet is first loaded start() method - Can be called each time an applet is started. paint() method - Can be called when the applet is minimized or maximized. stop() method - Can be used when the browser moves off the applet’s page. destroy() method - Can be called when the browser is finished with the applet.

Ø      How do you set security in applets?-

using setSecurityManager() method

Ø      What is an event and what are the models available for event handling?-

An event is an event object that describes a state of change in a source. In other words, event occurs when an action is generated, like pressing button, clicking mouse, selecting a list, etc. There are two types of models for handling events and they are: a) event-inheritance model and b) event-delegation model

Ø      What are the advantages of the model over the event-inheritance model?-

The event-delegation model has two advantages over the event-inheritance model. They are: a)It enables event handling by objects other than the ones that generate the events. This allows a clean separation between a component’s design and its use. b)It performs much better in applications where many events are generated. This performance improvement is due to the fact that the event-delegation model does not have to be repeatedly process unhandled events as is the case of the event-inheritance.

Ø      What is source and listener?-

source : A source is an object that generates an event. This occurs when the internal state of that object changes in some way. listener : A listener is an object that is notified when an event occurs. It has two major requirements. First, it must have been registered with one or more sources to receive notifications about specific types of events. Second, it must implement methods to receive and process these notifications.

Ø      What is adapter class?-

An adapter class provides an empty implementation of all methods in an event listener interface. Adapter classes are useful when you want to receive and process only some of the events that are handled by a particular event listener interface. You can define a new class to act listener by extending one of the adapter classes and implementing only those events in which you are interested. For example, the MouseMotionAdapter class has two methods, mouseDragged()and mouseMoved(). The signatures of these empty are exactly as defined in the MouseMotionListener interface. If you are interested in only mouse drag events, then you could simply extend MouseMotionAdapter and implement mouseDragged() .

Ø      What is meant by controls and what are different types of controls in AWT?-

Controls are components that allow a user to interact with your application and the AWT supports the following types of controls: Labels, Push Buttons, Check Boxes, Choice Lists, Lists, Scrollbars, Text Components. These controls are subclasses of Component.

Ø      What is the difference between choice and list?-

A Choice is displayed in a compact form that requires you to pull it down to see the list of available choices and only one item may be selected from a choice. A List may be displayed in such a way that several list items are visible and it supports the selection of one or more list items.

Ø      What is the difference between scrollbar and scrollpane?-

A Scrollbar is a Component, but not a Container whereas Scrollpane is a Conatiner and handles its own events and perform its own scrolling.

Ø      What is a layout manager and what are different types of layout managers available in java AWT?-

A layout manager is an object that is used to organize components in a container. The different layouts are available are FlowLayout, BorderLayout, CardLayout, GridLayout and GridBagLayout.

Ø      How are the elements of different layouts organized?-

FlowLayout: The elements of a FlowLayout are organized in a top to bottom, left to right fashion. BorderLayout: The elements of a BorderLayout are organized at the borders (North, South, East and West) and the center of a container. CardLayout: The elements of a CardLayout are stacked, on top of the other, like a deck of cards. GridLayout: The elements of a GridLayout are of equal size and are laid out using the square of a grid. GridBagLayout: The elements of a GridBagLayout are organized according to a grid. However, the elements are of different size and may occupy more than one row or column of the grid. In addition, the rows and columns may have different sizes.

Ø      Which containers use a Border layout as their default layout?-

Window, Frame and Dialog classes use a BorderLayout as their layout.



Ø      Which containers use a Flow layout as their default layout?-

Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.

Ø      What are wrapper classes?-

Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects.

Ø      What are Vector, Hashtable, LinkedList and Enumeration?-

Vector : The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects. Hashtable : The Hashtable class implements a Hashtable data structure. A Hashtable indexes and stores objects in a dictionary using hash codes as the object’s keys. Hash codes are integer values that identify objects. LinkedList: Removing or inserting elements in the middle of an array can be done using LinkedList. A LinkedList stores each object in a separate link whereas an array stores object references in consecutive locations. Enumeration: An object that implements the Enumeration interface generates a series of elements, one at a time. It has two methods, namely hasMoreElements() and nextElement(). HasMoreElemnts() tests if this enumeration has more elements and nextElement method returns successive elements of the series.

Ø      What is the difference between set and list?-

Set stores elements in an unordered way but does not contain duplicate elements, whereas list stores elements in an ordered way but may contain duplicate elements.

Ø      What is a stream and what are the types of Streams and classes of the Streams?-

A Stream is an abstraction that either produces or consumes information. There are two types of Streams and they are: Byte Streams: Provide a convenient means for handling input and output of bytes. Character Streams: Provide a convenient means for handling input & output of characters. Byte Streams classes: Are defined by using two abstract classes, namely InputStream and OutputStream. Character Streams classes: Are defined by using two abstract classes, namely Reader and Writer.

Ø      What is the difference between Reader/Writer and InputStream/Output Stream?-

The Reader/Writer class is character-oriented and the InputStream/OutputStream class is byte-oriented.

Ø      What is an I/O filter?-

An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another.

Ø      What is serialization and deserialization?-

Serialization is the process of writing the state of an object to a byte stream. Deserialization is the process of restoring these objects.

Ø      What is JDBC?-

JDBC is a set of Java API for executing SQL statements. This API consists of a set of classes and interfaces to enable programs to write pure Java Database applications.

Ø      What are drivers available?-

a) JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver b) Native API Partly-Java driver c) JDBC-Net Pure Java driver d) Native-Protocol Pure Java driver

Ø      What is the difference between JDBC and ODBC?-

a)    OBDC is for Microsoft and JDBC is for Java applications. b) ODBC can’t be directly used with Java because it uses a C interface. c) ODBC makes use of pointers which have been removed totally from Java. d) ODBC mixes simple and advanced features together and has complex options for simple queries. But JDBC is designed to keep things simple while allowing advanced capabilities when required. e) ODBC requires manual installation of the ODBC driver manager and driver on all client machines. JDBC drivers are written in Java and JDBC code is automatically installable, secure, and portable on all platforms. f) JDBC API is a natural Java interface and is built on ODBC. JDBC retains some of the basic features of ODBC.



Ø      What are the types of JDBC Driver Models and explain them?-

There are two types of JDBC Driver Models and they are: a) Two tier model and b) Three tier model Two tier model: In this model, Java applications interact directly with the database. A JDBC driver is required to communicate with the particular database management system that is being accessed. SQL statements are sent to the database and the results are given to user. This model is referred to as client/server configuration where user is the client and the machine that has the database is called as the server. Three tier model: A middle tier is introduced in this model. The functions of this model are: a) Collection of SQL statements from the client and handing it over to the database, b) Receiving results from database to the client and c) Maintaining control over accessing and updating of the above.

Ø      What are the steps involved for making a connection with a database or how do you connect to a database?

a) Loading the driver : To load the driver, Class. forName() method is used. Class. forName(”sun. jdbc. odbc. JdbcOdbcDriver”); When the driver is loaded, it registers itself with the java. sql. DriverManager class as an available database driver. b) Making a connection with database: To open a connection to a given database, DriverManager. getConnection() method is used. Connection con = DriverManager. getConnection (”jdbc:odbc:somedb”, “user”, “password”); c) Executing SQL statements : To execute a SQL query, java. sql. statements class is used. createStatement() method of Connection to obtain a new Statement object. Statement stmt = con. createStatement(); A query that returns data can be executed using the executeQuery() method of Statement. This method executes the statement and returns a java. sql. ResultSet that encapsulates the retrieved data: ResultSet rs = stmt. executeQuery(”SELECT * FROM some table”); d) Process the results : ResultSet returns one row at a time. Next()
 method of ResultSet object can be called to move to the next row. The getString() and getObject() methods are used for retrieving column values: while(rs. next()) { String event = rs. getString(”event”); Object count = (Integer) rs. getObject(”count”);

Ø      What type of driver did you use in project?-

JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver (is a driver that uses native(C language) libraries and makes calls to an existing ODBC driver to access a database engine).

Ø      What are the types of statements in JDBC?-

Statement: to be used createStatement() method for executing single SQL statement PreparedStatement — To be used preparedStatement() method for executing same SQL statement over and over. CallableStatement — To be used prepareCall() method for multiple SQL statements over and over.

Ø      What is stored procedure?-

Stored procedure is a group of SQL statements that forms a logical unit and performs a particular task. Stored Procedures are used to encapsulate a set of operations or queries to execute on database. Stored procedures can be compiled and executed with different parameters and results and may have any combination of input/output parameters.

Ø      How to create and call stored procedures?-

To create stored procedures: Create procedure procedurename (specify in, out and in out parameters) BEGIN Any multiple SQL statement; END; To call stored procedures: CallableStatement csmt = con. prepareCall(”{call procedure name(?,?)}”); csmt. registerOutParameter(column no. , data type); csmt. setInt(column no. , column name) csmt. execute();

Ø      What is servlet?-

Servlets are modules that extend request/response-oriented servers, such as java-enabled web servers. For example, a servlet might be responsible for taking data in an HTML order-entry form and applying the business logic used to update a company’s order database.

Ø      What are the classes and interfaces for servlets?-

There are two packages in servlets and they are javax. servlet and

Ø      What is the difference between an applet and a servlet?-

a)    Servlets are to servers what applets are to browsers. b) Applets must have graphical user interfaces whereas servlets have no graphical user interfaces.



Ø      What is the difference between doPost and doGet methods?-

a)    doGet() method is used to get information, while doPost() method is used for posting information. b) doGet() requests can’t send large amount of information and is limited to 240-255 characters. However, doPost()requests passes all of its data, of unlimited length. c) A doGet() request is appended to the request URL in a query string and this allows the exchange is visible to the client, whereas a doPost() request passes directly over the socket connection as part of its HTTP request body and the exchange are invisible to the client.



Ø      What is the life cycle of a servlet?-

 Each Servlet has the same life cycle: a) A server loads and initializes the servlet by init () method. b) The servlet handles zero or more client’s requests through service() method. c) The server removes the servlet through destroy() method.

Ø      Who is loading the init() method of servlet?-  Web server



Ø      What are the different servers available for developing and deploying Servlets?-

a) Java Web Server b) JRun g) Apache Server h) Netscape Information Server i) Web Logic

Ø      How many ways can we track client and what are they?-

The servlet API provides two ways to track client state and they are: a) Using Session tracking and b) Using Cookies.

Ø      What is session tracking and how do you track a user session in servlets?-

Session tracking is a mechanism that servlets use to maintain state about a series requests from the same user across some period of time. The methods used for session tracking are: a) User Authentication - occurs when a web server restricts access to some of its resources to only those clients that log in using a recognized username and password. b) Hidden form fields - fields are added to an HTML form that are not displayed in the client’s browser. When the form containing the fields is submitted, the fields are sent back to the server. c) URL rewriting - every URL that the user clicks on is dynamically modified or rewritten to include extra information. The extra information can be in the form of extra path information, added parameters or some custom, server-specific URL change. d) Cookies - a bit of information that is sent by a web server to a browser and which can later be read back from that browser. e) HttpSession- places a limit on the number of sessions that can exist in
 memory. This limit is set in the session. maxresidents property.

Ø      What is Server-Side Includes (SSI)?-

Server-Side Includes allows embedding servlets within HTML pages using a special servlet tag. In many servlets that support servlets, a page can be processed by the server to include output from servlets at certain points inside the HTML page. This is accomplished using a special internal SSINCLUDE, which processes the servlet tags. SSINCLUDE servlet will be invoked whenever a file with an. shtml extension is requested. So HTML files that include server-side includes must be stored with an . shtml extension.

Ø      What are cookies and how will you use them?-

Cookies are a mechanism that a servlet uses to have a client hold a small amount of state-information associated with the user. a) Create a cookie with the Cookie constructor: public Cookie(String name, String value) b) A servlet can send a cookie to the client by passing a Cookie object to the addCookie() method of HttpServletResponse: public void HttpServletResponse. addCookie(Cookie cookie) c) A servlet retrieves cookies by calling the getCookies() method of HttpServletRequest: public Cookie[ ] HttpServletRequest. getCookie().

Ø      Is it possible to communicate from an applet to servlet and how many ways and how?-

Yes, there are three ways to communicate from an applet to servlet and they are: a) HTTP Communication(Text-based and object-based) b) Socket Communication c) RMI Communication



Ø      What is connection pooling?-

With servlets, opening a database connection is a major bottleneck because we are creating and tearing down a new connection for every page request and the time taken to create connection will be more. Creating a connection pool is an ideal approach for a complicated servlet. With a connection pool, we can duplicate only the resources we need to duplicate rather than the entire servlet. A connection pool can also intelligently manage the size of the pool and make sure each connection remains valid. A number of connection pool packages are currently available. Some like DbConnectionBroker are freely available from Java Exchange Works by creating an object that dispenses connections and connection Ids on request. The ConnectionPool class maintains a Hastable, using Connection objects as keys and Boolean values as stored values. The Boolean value indicates whether a connection is in use or not. A program calls getConnection() method of the ConnectionPool for getting Connection object it
 can use; it calls returnConnection() to give the connection back to the pool.

Ø      Why should we go for interservlet communication?-

Servlets running together in the same server communicate with each other in several ways. The three major reasons to use interservlet communication are: a) Direct servlet manipulation - allows to gain access to the other currently loaded servlets and perform certain tasks (through the ServletContext object) b) Servlet reuse - allows the servlet to reuse the public methods of another servlet. c) Servlet collaboration - requires to communicate with each other by sharing specific information (through method invocation)

Ø      Is it possible to call servlet with parameters in the URL?-

Yes. You can call a servlet with parameters in the syntax as (?Param1 = xxx || m2 = yyy).

Ø      What is Servlet chaining?-

Servlet chaining is a technique in which two or more servlets can cooperate in servicing a single request. In servlet chaining, one servlet’s output is piped to the next servlet’s input. This process continues until the last servlet is reached. Its output is then sent back to the client.



Ø      How do servlets handle multiple simultaneous requests?-

The server has multiple threads that are available to handle requests. When a request comes in, it is assigned to a thread, which calls a service method (for example: doGet(), doPost() and service()) of the servlet. For this reason, a single servlet object can have its service methods called by many threads at once.

Ø      What is the difference between TCP/IP and UDP?-

TCP/IP is a two-way communication between the client and the server and it is a reliable and there is a confirmation regarding reaching the message to the destination. It is like a phone call. UDP is a one-way communication only between the client and the server and it is not a reliable and there is no confirmation regarding reaching the message to the destination. It is like a postal mail.

Ø      What is Inet address?-

Every computer connected to a network has an IP address. An IP address is a number that uniquely identifies each computer on the Net. An IP address is a 32-bit number.

Ø      What is Domain Naming Service(DNS)?-

It is very difficult to remember a set of numbers(IP address) to connect to the Internet. The Domain Naming Service(DNS) is used to overcome this problem. It maps one particular IP address to a string of characters. For example, www. mascom. com implies com is the domain name reserved for US commercial sites, mascom is the name of the company and www is the name of the specific computer, which is mascom’s server.

Ø      What is URL?-

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator and it points to resource files on the Internet. URL has four components: http://www. address. com:80/index.html, where http - protocol name, address - IP address or host name, 80 - port number and index.html - file path.





Ø      What is RMI and steps involved in developing an RMI object?-

Remote Method Invocation (RMI) allows java object that executes on one machine and to invoke the method of a Java object to execute on another machine. The steps involved in developing an RMI object are: a) Define the interfaces b) Implementing these interfaces c) Compile the interfaces and their implementations with the java compiler d) Compile the server implementation with RMI compiler e) Run the RMI registry f) Run the application

Ø      What is RMI architecture?-

RMI architecture consists of four layers and each layer performs specific functions: a) Application layer - contains the actual object definition. b) Proxy layer - consists of stub and skeleton. c) Remote Reference layer - gets the stream of bytes from the transport layer and sends it to the proxy layer. d) Transportation layer - responsible for handling the actual machine-to-machine communication.

Ø      what is UnicastRemoteObject?-

All remote objects must extend UnicastRemoteObject, which provides functionality that is needed to make objects available from remote machines.

Ø      Explain the methods, rebind() and lookup() in Naming class?-

rebind() of the Naming class(found in java. rmi) is used to update the RMI registry on the server machine. Naming. rebind(”AddSever”, AddServerImpl); lookup() of the Naming class accepts one argument, the rmi URL and returns a reference to an object of type AddServerImpl.

Ø      What is a Java Bean?-

A Java Bean is a software component that has been designed to be reusable in a variety of different environments.





Ø      What is a Jar file?-

Jar file allows to efficiently deploying a set of classes and their associated resources. The elements in a jar file are compressed, which makes downloading a Jar file much faster than separately downloading several uncompressed files. The package java. util. zip contains classes that read and write jar files.

Ø      What is BDK?-

BDK, Bean Development Kit is a tool that enables to create, configure and connect a set of set of Beans and it can be used to test Beans without writing a code.

Ø      What is JSP?-

JSP is a dynamic scripting capability for web pages that allows Java as well as a few special tags to be embedded into a web file (HTML/XML, etc). The suffix traditionally ends with .jsp to indicate to the web server that the file is a JSP files. JSP is a server side technology - you can’t do any client side validation with it. The advantages are: a) The JSP assists in making the HTML more functional. Servlets on the other hand allow outputting of HTML but it is a tedious process. b) It is easy to make a change and then let the JSP capability of the web server you are using deal with compiling it into a servlet and running it.

Ø      What are JSP scripting elements?-

JSP scripting elements lets to insert Java code into the servlet that will be generated from the current JSP page. There are three forms: a) Expressions of the form <%= expression %> that are evaluated and inserted into the output, b) Scriptlets of the formthat are inserted into the servlet’s service method, and c) Declarations of the form <%! Code %>that are inserted into the body of the servlet class, outside of any existing methods.

Ø      What are JSP Directives?-

A JSP directive affects the overall structure of the servlet class. It usually has the following form:<%@ directive attribute=”value” %> However, you can also combine multiple attribute settings for a single directive, as follows:<%@ directive attribute1=”value1&#8243; attribute 2=”value2&#8243; . . . attributeN =”valueN” %> There are two main types of directive: page, which lets to do things like import classes, customize the servlet superclass, and the like; and include, which lets to insert a file into the servlet class at the time the JSP file is translated into a servlet

Ø      What are Predefined variables or implicit objects?-

To simplify code in JSP expressions and scriptlets, we can use eight automatically defined variables, sometimes called implicit objects. They are request, response, out, session, application, config, pageContext, and page.

Ø      What are JSP ACTIONS?-

JSP actions use constructs in XML syntax to control the behavior of the servlet engine. You can dynamically insert a file, reuse JavaBeans components, forward the user to another page, or generate HTML for the Java plugin. Available actions include: jsp:include - Include a file at the time the page is requested. jsp:useBean - Find or instantiate a JavaBean. jsp:setProperty - Set the property of a JavaBean. jsp:getProperty - Insert the property of a JavaBean into the output. jsp:forward - Forward the requester to a newpage. Jsp: plugin - Generate browser-specific code that makes an OBJECT or EMBED

Ø      How do you pass data (including JavaBeans) to a JSP from a servlet?-

(1)            Request Lifetime: Using this technique to pass beans, a request dispatcher (using either “include” or forward”) can be called. This bean will disappear after processing this request has been completed. Servlet: request. setAttribute(”theBean”, myBean); RequestDispatcher rd = getServletContext(). getRequestDispatcher(”thepage. jsp”); rd. forward(request, response); JSP PAGE:<jsp: useBean id=”theBean” scope=”request” class=”. . . . . ” />

(2)            Session Lifetime: Using this technique to pass beans that are relevant to a particular session (such as in individual user login) over a number of requests. This bean will disappear when the session is invalidated or it times out, or when you remove it. Servlet: HttpSession session = request. getSession(true); session. putValue(”theBean”, myBean); /* You can do a request dispatcher here, or just let the bean be visible on the next request */ JSP Page:<jsp:useBean id=”theBean” scope=”session” class=”. . . ” />

(3)             Application Lifetime: Using this technique to pass beans that are relevant to all servlets and JSP pages in a particular app, for all users. For example, I use this to make a JDBC connection pool object available to the various servlets and JSP pages in my apps. This bean will disappear when the servlet engine is shut down, or when you remove it. Servlet: GetServletContext(). setAttribute(”theBean”, myBean); JSP PAGE:<jsp:useBean id=”theBean” scope=”application” class=”. . . ” />



Ø      How can I set a cookie in JSP?-

response. setHeader(”Set-Cookie”, “cookie string”); To give the response-object to a bean, write a method setResponse (HttpServletResponse response) - to the bean, and in jsp-file:<% bean. setResponse (response); %>

Ø      How can I delete a cookie with JSP?-

Say that I have a cookie called “foo, ” that I set a while ago & I want it to go away. I simply: <% Cookie killCookie = new Cookie(”foo”, null); KillCookie. setPath(”/”); killCookie. setMaxAge(0); response. addCookie(killCookie); %>

Ø      How are Servlets and JSP Pages related?-

JSP pages are focused around HTML (or XML) with Java codes and JSP tags inside them. When a web server that has JSP support is asked for a JSP page, it checks to see if it has already compiled the page into a servlet. Thus, JSP pages become servlets and are transformed into pure Java and then compiled, loaded into the server and executed.